Rational Choice Theory

In game theory, bounded tenableness is a concept based on the fact that rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make decisivenesss. This contrasts with the concept of rationality as optimization. Another way to look at bounded rationality is that, because decision-makers leave out the ability and resources to arrive at the optimum solution, they instead apply their rationality only after having greatly simplified the choices available.Thus the decision-maker is a satisficer, one seeking a satisfactory solution quite a than the optimal one. Some models of human behavior in the social sciences assume that humans can be reasonably approximated or described as rational entities (see for example rational choice theory). Many economics models assume that people are on average rational, and can in large enough quantities be approximated to act according to their preferences.Th e concept of bounded rationality revises this assumption to account for the fact that perfectly rational decisions are a great deal not feasible in practice due to the finite computational resources available for making them. edit Models of bounded rationality The term is thought to have been coined by Herbert Simon. In Models of Man, Simon points out that most people are only snap offly rational, and are in fact emotional/irrational in the remaining part of their actions.In another work, he states boundedly rational actors experience limits in formulating and solving complex problems and in processing (receiving, storing, retrieving, transmitting) information (Williamson, p. 553, citing Simon). Simon describes a number of dimensions along which classical models of rationality can be made somewhat more realistic, while sticking within the vein of fairly rigorous formalization. These include limiting what sorts of utility functions thither might be.recognizing the cost of gatherin g and processing information. the possibility of having a vector or multi-valued utility function. Simon suggests that economic agents employ the use of heuristics to make decisions rather than a strict rigid rule of optimization. They do this because of the complexity of the situation, and their inability to process and compute the expected utility of every alternative action. Deliberation costs might be high and there are often other, concurrent economic activities also requiring decisions.Daniel Kahneman proposes bounded rationality as a model to catch some of the limitations of the rational-agent models in economic literature. As decision makers have to make decisions about how and when to decide, Ariel Rubinstein proposed to model bounded rationality by explicitly specifying decision-making procedures. This puts the study of decision procedures on the research agenda. Gerd Gigerenzer argues that most decision theorists who have discussed bounded rationality have not really fol lowed Simons ideas about it.Rather, they have either considered how peoples decisions might be made sub-optimal by the limitations of human rationality, or have constructed elaborate optimising models of how people might cope with their inability to optimize. Gigerenzer instead proposes to examine simple alternatives to a abundant rationality analysis as a mechanism for decision making, and he and his colleagues have shown that such simple heuristics frequently lead to better decisions than the theoretically optimal procedure.From a computational point of view, decision procedures can be encoded in algorithms and heuristics. Edward Tsang argues that the effective rationality of an agent is determined by its computational intelligence. Everything else being equal, an agent that has better algorithms and heuristics could make more rational (more optimal) decisions than one that has poorer heuristics and algorithms.