Real and personal property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Real and personal office - Essay ExampleProperty is ordinarily divided into two aspects the maiden being the personal spot and the second is veridical property. Real property is usually restricted to matter revolving around land or what is sometimes called in rem. On the other hand, personal property revolves around chattels or what may sometimes be defined as in personam. In modern law, property can be examined under a serial of models. the first one amongst these is property as a fact. The second is property as a right and the one-third is property as a responsibility.In the ratified system, real and personal property ownership is governed by property law rights when considering the common law system. In the civil law legal system, there is a distinction between movable and immovable property. Real property is largely encompassed by immovable property while personal property is associated with movable property. Consequently, the rights associated with these types of proper ty are entailed in property law. (Liuzzo & Bonnice, 2005)In legal terms, the process of declaring that certain property belongs to an individual is not adequate enough to constitute property. Instead, this matter is usually all embracing when certain persons need to have their rights to chattels or land respected and enforced by the law. It is essential for one to acquire property legitimately in accordance to the law so as to seek its protection. This is usually acquired by possession of a title to that property.There are a series of differences that arise when one considers the issue of personal versus real property. The most outstanding difference among them is with regard to immobility. Usually, real property can be considered immobile while personal property is mobile. This means that the rule disposal the latters transference are radically different from those governing the former. Real property

Leadership in context 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership in context 2 - Essay drillThe general perspective of leadership focuses on the responsibilities given to both people and their performance. It is believed that moral efficacy helps to prepare the reason why a leader acts upon his or her moral judgment while other(a)s fail on the same idea. Role of the Leader In Terms of Power and the Opportunity to Abuse their Role jibe to Hannah (2010) a highly developed moral leader is expected to perform a given problem or work in his or her self-concept in order to achieve higher levels of agency in making the right decision. Modern governors plays an important role in leadership is come to with the development of self concept which should be supported by ones knowledge in applying theories like cognitive and emotional. The individualist on governors need to lead with a lot of power of their personal strength and charisma. Hannah (2010) argues that the governor has a primary close of overlapping the powers of the political sy stems in the arouses. According to Albert Bandura (2004) social instruction theory remains the most influential theories explaining about learning and development in relation to understanding the behaviors of leaders and their followers. The argument is more about the concept and exploration of leadership behaviors, which is perceived by observing other people behavior. Leaders have to set policy making processes in order to rule the state with the legitimacy procedures. The formal powers and the responsibilities assist in strengthening the constitutional rights. The behavioral focus separates social learning theory from the aspects of leadership hence it requires behaviors to be imparted even to leaders in future (Mayo 2007). Coalition create Power Leaders should be in a position to have a certain piece traits of the specific context, which defines an enormous success in an organization. The focus of leadership is based on the situational context by putting more effort on the individual part and CEO in believe that the individual is correct according to the new settings in the organization. The ability to succeed depends on the styles in ones self and the betterment to fit in the culture and condition of the organization. State system should have the power to persuade the placement between the governors and legislators in achieving their goals in building coalition. In order to achieve on the goals, the governor should be in a position to persuade the people towards their opposition. The governors should develop a strong support in the constitution rights to solve the problems like bureaucracy. Governors should have to offer some chances to the other members of the support on the proposed enactment in order to support the political goals. Role of Chief Legislature Context in leadership helps somebody pass through a hard life situations. Governors should have a clear goal to become the nations leading in the creation and innovation of agencies. The vis ion of leading in an organization determines a lot in solving the problem. A force for change helps in the sustainability leadership which is termed to be relative meaning that something extraordinary is imparted in people (Lynham 2006). Law making process needs to be monitored and evaluated in every organization in order to produce an effective work. Leadership is contextual because it needs somebody to get

Human and Animal Interrelationships Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

forgiving and Animal Interrelationships - Term Paper ExampleThis essay has its primary concern being to investigate the interrelatedness betwixt people and carnals (both domestic and wild animals) since the olden days up to date. Here in lies the splendour of piece and animal interrelationships. In addition, it involves an outline of the factors that bring about the changes. Further, it includes suggestions of how to improve the interrelationship of human and animals. Finally, it ends by the summary and a conclusion of the essay. Interrelationship of human and animals In the olden days, human beings neglected animals and considered them (animals) abusive to human health. The interrelationship varies in different societies. For instance, in some societies, there was the use of domestic animals specifically cattle, for the purpose of transportation. In other societies, the use of cattle was principally to give support to farm work. imputable to this (farming activities), human be ings reared bulls with the purpose of using them to plough big farms. On the other hand, animals depended on human beings for resources much(prenominal) as food. This brought about dependability in that they (animals and particular individuals) relied on each other for various need (Jonge 154). The interaction between man and wild animals is different from the relationship of man and domestic animals. This is due to activities such as hunting, whereby man continue to humiliate the lives of wild animals. This leads to wild animals hiding away from hunters. This denotes a short interaction between human and wild animals. Today, there is prohibition of hunting activities since such an act is termed to be illegal and leads to decrease in animals within the ecosystem. Continuity in relations of human beings and animals changed due to different reasons. For instance, change in technology contributed to a decrease in dependability level. This is because technology leads to establishme nt of reform farming methods. It leads to adoption of modern farming machinery, which in turn resulted to rearing animals for domestic purpose (beef and milk). enormousness of human and animal interrelationships Several positive effects result from the relations of human and animals. For instance, there is trim down fatigue on the side of human kind. This is due to less energy used when undertaking tasks akin farming, and it is because human kinds use animal energy to perform specific farming activities. The interrelationship helps to improve military operation capability of animals as well as their welfare. This is evident in that Jensen states that, poor relationship interactions elicit ban emotions such as fear (114). This necessitates human beings to be keen when handling animals. Factors influencing human and animal interrelations pause relations exist only when both human and animal are in good health. wellness amongst other factors determines the ability of both humans and animals to have a better co-relationship. Health is the source of esprit de corps required by all living beings to undertake designed tasks with less impeding characters. Unhealthy human beings will tend to have less concern on the welfare of animals. Due to an unhealthy status, animals need potential to perform tasks (for example farming) requiring application of much efforts. The use of sign language is vital in particular when directing animals on the farm (Jensen 113). This helps improve the level of understanding on animals. How to improve human and animal relations Improving the relations between human beings and animals is vital for the well-being of the society. It signifies the degree of understanding between human and animals. This leads to less economic defects resulting from poor interrelations. Some of the strategies to improve the relationship

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY - Essay instancePsychological abuse of venerable is seldom reported. The major elements that contribute to psychological abuse of the venerable embroil verbal assaults, insults, threats, intimidation, humiliation, and harassment. This article provides a reliable self- evaluatement measure for use on elderly patient to assess psychological abuse of the elderly. This self-assessment measure is useful to my article. I testament use it in the context of hang-up measures for elderly abuse in breast feeding homes.Hobbs article put up by the U.S. Census position provides authentic data on the growing elderly nation in the U.S. The data shows that the elderly population in the U.S. is growing at a faster rate than the general population. This data is relevant to my paper, as it authenticates the importance of issues relating to the elderly population in USA.Lelands article pertains to the not too happy experiences of the elderly in nursing homes, causing them t o seek as early an exit from nursing home environments. tombstone drawbacks are the loss of freedom in activities and the loneliness of the environment. I find this article relevant to my paper, which attempts to bear witness that nursing homes are not always a preferred option for the care of the elderly. I will use the contents of this article to reinforce this opinion.Dr. William Coch has worked as a gerontologist and general practitioner in the rural community of Andover, New York. In this interview Dr. William Coch paints a vivid picture of care of the elderly in nursing homes in comparison to their care inwardly their families and in their communities. Care for the elderly within their families is the best option. The aspect of care within the family being superior to care received within nursing homes is pertinent to my paper. I will use it to remove any impression that care of the elderly in nursing homes is a better option.This article from Nursing Home Abuse demonstrate s

Recruitment process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

recruitment branch - Es avow ExampleRecruitment is the process of identifying and hiring qualified candidates for a job opening. However, recruitment process involves attracting, hiring, and interviewing new employees. On the other hand, selection process is the evaluation of candidate, through interview, for specific job. There is a difference between recruitment and selection process. Recruitment process mostly involves attracting candidates who are later hire for a job upon qualifications. The selection process involves identifying the qualities needed for a candidate to quality for a job. inherent methods of recruitment are usually done for the preparation of a recruitment process. There are a number of internal methods of recruitment. The first process in recruitment is job analysis. This entails reviewing the manpower plan of the connection frequently so as to establish a gap. The Human Resource Manager liaises with the head of departments so as to see whether a job positio n in a given sector is necessary. much(prenominal) a position should be ideal in that it should allow for future promotion and expansion. Once such a job position is confirmed, the concerned HR manager fills a requisition form which is move to the Line Manager. The Line Manager then submits it to the Recruitment Manager upon its approval. The Recruitment Manager has the final say hence his approval leads to creation of a vacancy. (Lee, 201219).this new development comes with a myriad of details that allow job posting which involves the possibility of workers within the company applying for the created vacancy reference number of the vacancy, postal postal association and the academic qualifications, skills and experience required for the vacancy.The second stage involves writing the Job Description and PS. The departmental heads are vital components when it comes to giving the boundaries of the job in the form of a job description. This is simply because he or she is

Recommendation for APRN school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recommendation for APRN school - Essay ExampleHe/she has understood what life brings with it for him/her. The tenacity with which he/she has taken on the business courses is something to write home about. This is because he/she has been imparting much needed quantify towards his/her studies. Also the fact that he/she attained a GPA of 3.2 in the Associate Nursing class suggests that he/she has got it in him/her to reach the top as the craving is very much in eviscerate with the dreams that he/she has seen for him/herself in the future.I have no precariousnesss on the abilities of XYZ as I am a firm intendr that he/she is a hard working individual who possesses immense talent and acts in an efficient and effective manner when working alongside in a aggroup. He/she is a team player to the core and I can always trust XYZ for his/her talents and skills. He/she has an apt to learn right away and gets the hang of things much faster than others. More than anything else, it is his/her desire to learn more and more which brings a bracing change to our pediatric team and we are always striving to live up with the expectations that XYZ has with the team. I believe that XYZ is a wonderful nursing supervisor and she must be encouraged on a undifferentiated basis so that she could fulfill her dream and reach at the top. Thus it gives me great pleasure in recommending XYZ to you as I believe he/she has the required talents for becoming an Advanced Nurse Practitioner.XYZ loves to help the residential district around him/her and perceives everybody as an active part of this. The reason for this is because his/her personality is nicely knitted together and at that place is little room for any weaknesses to settle in between. He/she would without a shadow of a doubt be the future or nursing all said and

Politics of the Free Soil Party Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politics of the relieve Soil Party - Essay lawsuitThus, the parties are in a model of changing the voting patterns in the country since they express the sentiments divided up by a particular proportion of the countrys population. On the other hand, closely of these terce parties do not last for a long period of time since their agenda might be adopted or fail to stand the test of time. One such short-lived society is the Free Soil Party active in the 1848 and 1952 presidential elections of the United States.1 William Leggett, George Henry Evans, and Thomas Morris, part of the collection known as Dissident Democrats, were instrumental in the partys formation by bring certain arguments crucial in shaping the partys ideologies. This expose elucidates the contribution each humanness played in the formation of the party and effectively identifies the man who greatly influenced the formation of the party and the role he played. Since the formation of the Free Soil Party is syno nymous with the Dissident Democrats, it is important to understand the solution of this group. Andrew Jackson is one of the greatest presidents in the history of this country. During his era, commonly referred as the Jacksonian era, Americans felt that at that place were equal economic opportunities to all citizens. However, prior to his 1837 farewell speech, the president expressed his dissatisfaction with the Bank of the United States reflexion that it was mainly for the rich people in the country and foreign governments instead of focusing on both citizen of the country.2 Towards the end of his career, support for the outgoing president was high and consequently too was support for his handpicked successor illustrating a scenario that Democrats were one united front. However, discontent simmered across a section of Democrats with some questions some policies by Jackson. Nevertheless, the most surprising disquiet was the loud objection of a few Democrats on the partys position towards slavery.3 The discontent arose from the parties policies meant to curtail debate on abolitionism effectively robbing the crusaders of antislavery and its expansion of the most fundamental freedom of expression. charm a section of the Democratic leadership lauded the mobs attacking abolitionists in their meetings and in newspapers, general disquiet simmered and effectively solidified support to counter the expansion of slavery.4 In effect, the counter movement to expansion of slavery has been crucial to the history of this country since their efforts led to the current American society that accepts and appreciates diversity. Three antislavery Democrats who broke away from their party in the 1930s were crucial to the formation of the Free Party, a splinter party of the Democratic Party. In this regard, these dissidents provided lines of arguments towards which the party would galvanize its ideals and use them to defend its stance. Of all the Jacksonian politicians, William L eggett was the most eloquent in arguing coherently against the centralized authority embodied by the monopolies, the Money Power, and the fanatical reformers.5 In this case, Leggett focused on arguing against concentrated power that was against the concepts that guide natural law and liberty. Thus, Leggett became the champion and hero to the class of producers that was against capitalism. Effectively, he applied this same ideal in his support for abolitionism after undergoing some form of conversion from world a supporter of abolition, to a firm and committed

Marketing Management of Wal-Mart Research Paper

Marketing Management of Wal-Mart - Research Paper ExampleThe author of the paper states that a clerk working at Wal-Mart will hear approximately 475 blips from her scanner per hour, these scans will then step to the fore within the hour at the smart sets headquarters via its 460-terabyte computer system. This computer system, according to the New York Times, carries more information than the entire Internet. Wal-Mart themselves on their website claim, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is the worlds largest retailer, with $285.2 billion in sales in the fiscal year ending Jan. 31, 2005. The company employs 1.6 million associates worldwide through more than 3,700 facilities in the United States and more than 2,400 units in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. More than 138 million customers per week visit Wal-Mart stores worldwideWith such data that deliver for themse lves, the mass retailing giant must be doing something right. Marketing may be defined as any gesture executed to create, satisfy, and keep customers. Wal-Mart seems to have mastered the art of bringing in customers to its stores as well as retaining them. It has aligned itself unerringly with the six Ps of merchandising comprising of price, product (or service), place, promotion, people, and positioning. These six components constituting the merchandising mix, when combined to make a winning combination are the basis of a growing business.Wal-marts selling is alone about the customer-oriented merchandising. Wal-marts own unique strategy right from the beginning has held it in good stead. Responding to a customers requirement of depleted cost, high value and all under one roof convenience, Wal-Mart squeezed its suppliers, economized on all fronts, and passed onto the savings to the customers. Its widely publicized jingle, low cost- Always with a sunny yellow smiley face logo has created an extraordinary perception of the low price that has sent shoppers flocking to its aisle. Although Wal-Mart does less at a very low cost, there are a a few(prenominal) items where Wal-Mart is not the cheapest, but people buy it nevertheless, due to the perceived image. Wal-Mart carries 150,000 items beneath one roof thereby making it a one-stop shop for the purchase. This is an added benefit for Wal-Mart in that not only people are offered more choice, but go through their entire shopping amount in a single store setting Walmarts cash registers ringing.Unlike its competitors, Wal-Mart, except for a few seasonal sales does not depend on sales for its revenues. While other competitors lure customers in advertising a few products on sale while hinging on the belief that this will instauration other purchases. Wal-Mart just banks on the perception that the entire merchandise is competitively priced and the customer can soak up an item, based on the contention he is getting the best bargain no depicted object what he loads his cart with.With merchandise placed within easy access, Wal-Mart associates are more problematic in stocking shelves and offer minimal service and this further reduces costs for Wal-Mart.Customer-oriented marketing was successfully employed at Wal-Mart where the employees were utilized to understand the needs of the customers and the methodology of how they make their choices of products they require. In this way, the research was kept straightforward and simple, and Walmarts marketing was closely aligned to customer needs.

The Life of Osama Bin Laden and a Wealthy Arabian Family Essay

The Life of Osama Bin Laden and a Wealthy Arabian Family - Essay mannequinThe group has various terrorist gangs around the globe who pledge allegiance to them. The group has carried out many of attacks targeting western sandwich governments and also western owned buildings. They carry the attacks as they are what they call infiltration of the Islamic devotion (Hoffman, 2008).His well to do upbringing apothegm him attend prestigious schools in Saudi Arabia. He schooled in the Saudi port city in an elite school called Al Thagher Model School between 1968 and 1976 (Neumann, 2014). At the institution, he studied British style education alongside daily Islamic worship. concord to Steve Coll, a writer for the New Yorker, Osama was introduced to Islamic teachings. This formed the foundation for his political and violent activism in opt of Islamic religion.At the age of 17, Osama was married to his first cousin. At this time, it was a normal convention among traditional Muslims to pract ice this. His wife was a Syrian woman from his mothers side. He later on married three other women in line with the Islamic law. He bore between 20 and 30 children (Chossudovsky, 2001). He married at an primordial age to protect him from corruption.He attended his lowly and university education in Jeddah. He attended King Abdi Al-Aziz University where he studied public brass, economics, business administration as well as civil engineering. While at the university, he was very enthusiastic somewhat religious debates, particularly Islam religion.Mohammed Laden first came to Saudi Arabia from South Yemen where he had spent most of his early years. He started as a very poor laborer, working as a porter in Jeddah port. He later got into the construction building from where he builds much wealth. While working in the constructions business, he developed very close ties with members of the ruling family at the time of King Saud (McAuley, 2005). The close ties with the first family saw his take the risk of building King Saudspalaces at very cheap prices, cheaper than the lowest bids.

Buffalo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

buffalo - Essay ExampleThe city is experiencing massive in-migration, decline in entrepreneurial activities and changes that the youth bring to fraternity.Buffalo is a scene of interaction between different pagan groups, with the legal age being African Americans. Crime and ethnic divisions are significant characteristics of the city. Bringing children up in much(prenominal) poor backgrounds affects their future and their performance in life. Buffalo has a large number of young hoi polloi who lack the resources and necessary facilities to engage in entrepreneurial activities. There is neglect on the part of the society regarding entrepreneurial activities. However, the growing number of shops and rental houses in the township suggests that the town is undergoing gradual entrepreneurial phylogeny and in-migration respectively. The main challenge facing these entrepreneurial ventures is that most people run them on an ethnic basis.Budget crisis has contributed to the decline of Buffalo where the marginalized and the disadvantaged communities shoulder the heaviest burdens in the budget (Cope & Latcham 152). This couples up with the loss of manufacturing facilities and sources of cranky materials. Decline in manufacturing jobs led to the population loss where young people moved out of the town in search of job opportunities. Nevertheless, the leadership of Buffalo is partly responsible for the economic decline and poverty. The leaders gave way for racism where the society divides itself along ethnic basis. This leads to disparities in job allocation, which makes some ethnic groupings poorer than others do.It is price noting that the recent census in the United States revealed that there are many young children in Buffalo than it was the case in the past. However, this does not mean that the narratives that suggest aging population as a cypher in Buffalos decline are wrong. A

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Essay

The Police and wicked Evidence Act 1984 - Essay ExampleCare moldiness however be taken by policemen in the exercise of the powers assigned to them in the Act. This is because non-conformity with the specific scathe of the act may bring about a criminal liability and on the other happen searching, arresting, detaining and interviewing suspects outside the provisions of the act may render the evidences produced inadmissible in court.Perpetrators of serious crimes like murder, treason and the like were being arrested without warrant following an act of parliament in 1967.Further update of the police powers relating to the joint law ,particularly as contained in the act of 1967,were carried out by a Royal Commission headed by Sir Cyril Phillips.Following an upsurge in crime particularly of burglary and robbery in 1981 in the Brixton area, a London-wide squeeze was initiated code-named Operation Swamp 81 picking its name from remarks made in 1978 by the Prime pastor Margareth Thatc her. Consequent on the Act of 1967, 943 were stopped and 118 of them were eventually arrested, the bulk of these people stopped and arrested were blacks .This brought about an annex in the complaints about harassment and racism. Relations between the black community and the police suffered a setback. correspond and search powers given to the police in the Act of 1984 had a wide coverage .under this section of the act a constable is given the right to stop and search psyches vehicle e.t.c at any situate and time but however does not include dwelling. These powers can however not be exercised exclude on the grounds pf suspicion that he might find slightlything stolen or prohibited in the course. The person may be detained for this same while this is being carried out. Riots in British towns and cities did not in 1981.Further skirmishes occurred in 1985 in which P.C Keith Blakelock was killed was killed. The location of the far-right British national Party in the southeast London in 1993 resulted in a massive demonstration that left Stephen Lawrence a black teenager dead.The Police and Criminal evidence Act has since undergone certain degrees of review .one of such reviews was the police Police Reform Act 2002 some of whose main provisions take care of annual policing plans practice removal of the bars on the exercising of non-British nationals into the force A longer title for the police reform act 2002 goes thus An act to wreak new provision about the supervision, administration, functions and conduct of police forces ,police forces and other persons serving with, or carrying out functions in relation to, the police to amend police powers and to provide for the exercise of police powers by persons who are not police officers to amend the law relating to anti-social behaviour order to amend the law relating to sex offender orders and for right purposes. e.t.c. In 2005 a further modification of PACE was made in the form of Serious nonionized Crime and Po lice Act 2005 replacing nearly all pre-existing powers of arrest of significance in this Act is the new general power of arrest for all offences.Discrimination, unemployment and poverty were fingered by the Scarman question as the major culprits of the Brixton riots. While dismissing allegations

Hepatitis B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Hepatitis B - Essay ExampleIn addition, 18% of the Hepatitis B patients diagnosed in the country contacted the virus because of handling the already infect patients who were at home.As such, this study suggests that it is possible to control the infection and rotate of the disease through encouraging responsible sexual behavior, especially a campaign advocating for behavioral change, as well as undertaking appropriate education for the care givers so that they can handle infected patients at home without the risk of infection. Therefore, the state of Philadelphia undertakes a number of risks due to the exposure from the relative of Hepatitis B, thereby instrumental to consider the variables involved. As such, it is imperative for the state to undertake measures to prevent the acute of chronic Hepatitis B, on base making efforts to eliminate the transmission of the disease within the Philadelphia community, especially through administration of appropriate vaccination (Hepb,

Historiographic review of the great terror in Russia (1936- 1938) Assignment

Historiographic surveil of the great terror in Russia (1936- 1938) - Assignment ExampleThis information was be by the number of documents and record as well. There are many notes that were made by Stalin personally. These documents testify that he ordered to exhaust more and more people. He marked the sentences with the red pencil (Kuromiya, 2007). some names were marked by the additional notes, such as kill more. At the bottom of the pages there was a chitchat Every hotshot should be centering. The number of shot enemies was more than 3000 per day. It was proved that during the previously mentioned period 681692 people were sentenced to death, because of the political motives (Getty, 1993). However, according to other sources, the number of victims was much higher. Counting the victims, we should also take into account those who died in prisons, punitory labor colonies and gulags and also those who were just shot due to the criminal offences. So, the number of the victims re ached 1 million (Frierson C.and Vilenski, 2010). Moreover, in 1936 -1939 more than 1,2 million of communists were sireed that was a half of the communist party. Only 50 thousand of them got their liberty, the rest were shot or just died in prison. Getty and Manning (1993) state during the Great Terror, the NKVD Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del investigated and commonly arrested party members who had been purged from the party. Once the NKVD had made a number of arrests, party members having any association with those arrested were called before the party committee for questioning. At one capital of the Russian Federation textile mile, all party members with relatives, friends, co-workers, or any other associates who had been arrested were themselves subject to questioning, expulsion from the party and arrest (Getty and Manning 1993 164). The name The Great Terror was given to the events after the name of the al-Quran written by Conquest. The book is called The Great Terror. In the Soviet Union it was called ezhovshina after the last name of commissar Ezhov, who was arrested on April, 10, 1939. He was also shot on February 4, 1940. He was accused of the sympathy to Trotskyism, espionage and the preparation of the revolution. Getty and Manning describe he was a fairly colorless, mediocre individual who was raised up to the heights of party and state leadership by the will of Stalin, am average product of creation and establishment by the will of Stalin, an ordinary product of the creation and establishment of totalitarian, coercive and bureaucratic system. He was truly a servant of the administration of personal power who compensated for his low moral and political qualities by exhibiting selfless love for in, and cultism to the leader (Getty and Manning 1993 21). His henchmen had same destiny. It should be noticed that not all of the mass repressions organizers shared the destiny of their victims. Some of them made an excellent carrier. For example Be ria, who was the organizer of the great terror in Georgia. He and his henchmen got the beneficial positions in the Party, NKVD, army and other branches (Davis, 1997). There was an interesting episode in the terror campaign. One of the heads of NKVD, Feldman, beat one of the prisoners. As a result the man stayed in hospital for long. This case was under control and Feldman proved his actions and was not going to be sorry. He emphasized that he had a right to behave this way, because he had Berias directive. Feldman added that he would continue to act this

Looking at any Two or Three Urban Schemes or Monuments Built in Paris Essay

Looking at any Two or Three Urban Schemes or Monuments Built in capital of France in the 1600s, Use Subheadings to Identify the Design Featu - Essay Example ab initio the monument was incomplete when the monument was unveiled. With time, the envisioned facades were painted and appeared canvas in color. The monument was pierced by six streets and a circular pan built on it served the role of a flexible stick that would join and harmonize the various axes present on the monument. The underfoot for both(prenominal) the monuments was made of gilt bronzy and had bas relief panels that appeared to be flattering in inscriptions. At the corners of the monuments, t here(predicate) were dejected bronze figures that were seated. The Desjardins sculptures were adopt to kick in the monuments more beautiful. Wooden pyramid were also a common feature among the monuments and this were just some of the features that were be added with time to ensure that the monuments would be aesthetic. Given the fact that these monuments were built in a period during which hatful had great respect for the authorities, there was need to ensure aesthetic beauty accompanied every expression so that the imperial family would be respected. 1 Place Des Vegas is the oldest planned unanimous in Paris and was originally known as the place royale. It is a true red-blooded measuring 140m ? 140m and in it was the commencement ceremony program responsible for city planning. It was built at a tournament at the Tournelles which is a royal residence. Before building it, demolition was undertaken by Catherine de Medicis of the gothic pile and later on constructed there the building. It was inaugurated in 1612 and at the same time celebration of the wedding by Louis xiii was done. What made this building alone(predicate) was the fact that all the house fronts were built in the same design of red brick that had stripes of match quoins. There were also designs like over vaulted arcades that would be made to stand on the square pillars. The roofs were steeply pitched blue slate and were pierced with discreet small paned dormers that were above the pedimented dormers. The design was so architectural such that it would attract the passers by and it indicated a sign of supremacy in the society for those who live the building. The pavilions would rise higher than the unified roofline which was located at the centre of the north and south faces. These face caned availableness to the triple arches in the building. Place dauphine also on the other hand is a public square that is three-sided in shape that can be accessed by use of a bridge from both sides. It was constructed on the site of three islets that were mud banks at that time. The French royal court later on established a permanent settlement in the monument. 2 It also adopted a triangular shape that had two canted ends as had been instructed by Achille du Harlay. He saw the need for the monument to be a thirty two house t hat had a single plan. This was considered as being among the earliest and oldest designs that had been adopted by the monument. It is also surrounded by big red bricks that have a faded rusty cobblestone walks. The gracing centre is the loveliest park that has trees around it to offer a cool breeze. The benches in the gracing centre offer a place to seat for those who stay in the area and those who visit the premises. At the end of the construction, it appeared to be a quadrangle that had a gateway centered at the downstream and also had paired pavilions. The houses here are built of brick that has limestone quoins and the floors are arcaded. All the

Public Utilities Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Utilities - Term writing Examplelistic solely in all(prenominal)y behaved welkin to a private owned and liberalized one since the 1980s with the privatization of British Telecom and the demonstration of competition in the US long distance services (Wallsten, 2001). Based on the theoretical perspectives on privatization, it has been argued that the privatization of telecommunication field will result in increasing the sectors efficiency and overall performance. The empirical studies show the results varying in different countries.Given this background, this essay critically evaluates the privatization process of telecommunications all over the world and its impact. This essay is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the privatization process of telecommunication sector all over the world. Section 3 discusses the theoretical arguments behind privatization. Section 4 discusses the empirical studies discussion the telecommunications privatization. Section 5 discusses t he domain experiences in this regard. Section 6 concludes the essay.Due to the importance of telecommunications sector as a vital part of the national infrastructure in each bucolic, the constitution makers in this sector are supposed to ensure the availability of telephone to all upon demand, accessibility to the basic services to all people at affordable prices as well as to protect and defend a countrys security interests (Maitra, 2006). Moreover, being a technology intensive sector, the policy makers need to ensure that the country is making use of the most advanced technology in this sector to make use of all the available opportunities in the technology field.The three main challenges in this sector in front of the policy makers in the 1950s and the 1960s in all countries were the fast technological change, the poor performance of the suppose owned sector including long waiting times for accessing services and limited financial resources for availing new technologies that ease the growth in this sector (Maitra, 2006). Consequently, the three

High School vs College Essay Example for Free

High School vs College EssayA good bringing up is an important part of mavens life. To achieve a good education, unrivaled should touch twain high inform and college. Although some people think high develop has a lot in common with college, I find them to be very different. After graduating from high school, I enrolled into college and noticed that thither are many differences between them. A few of these differences include the amount of work precondition to the students, and the situation and responsibilities of the teachers and students as well. First of all, high school is the first step to a higher level of learning. This lay out equips us with the proper knowledge needed in order to survive college and new(prenominal) higher levels of learning. The topics existence taught in high school are generalized in basic Math, Science, English, foreign languages, and many another(prenominal) subjects.The students are to a greater extent relaxed and their responsibilit ies are not that complicated and heavy in a sense that there are fewer requirements and their due dates are not immediate. High schools deport been criticized for not giving plenteous homework or assignments to its students. The main contrast between the two educational institutions is the workload that is given to the students by the teachers. While I was flowing high school, I could go days without having any homework during the sinless week. High schools are characterized for assigning a single homework assignment or task per sort out or in quantify per day. On other hand, there are many ways in which the attitudes of the teachers in high school differ from the attitudes of the teachers in college. In high school, the absolute majority of the teachers seem to be stricter and ware more rules for the students to follow. High school teachers are responsible for making sure each student obeys those rules to the fullest result and carry out disciplinary actions for those wh o do not obey them.One example in which a teacher has taken on a disciplinary action was when students were tardy or deletionped their scheduled class, the students ordinarily received detention along with an F for the day. I have also noticed high school teachers have strict rules to obey given to them by a higher authority. These rules include no ingest or drinking in class, and some sequences not even chewing gum. Another way in which the attitude of the teachers differ is that in high school the teachers seems to be more responsible for what they say and have to make sure they do not curse or say something that can offend a student. If a high school teacher offends a student, thestudent has the privilege to complain to the principal, and most of the quantify the teacher has to take full responsibility. Furthermore, the attitude of students in high school and college also differs greatly in ways such as their dedication to schoolwork and to learning.High school students belie ve they most attend to class because they are being forced by the law or because their parents insist them to attend, and not because it helps for their future. The majority of high school students start the school year with excitement, but as the time goes, they become thwart and bored. They begin questioning why they are in school, or what the purpose of doing homework is. While I was in high school, I had the opportunity to notice that many students prefer to goof during class time rather than doing their assignments. For the most part, high school students do not take their courses as seriously as they should. Moreover, there is always a class clown or someone tending to sleep, or even carrying a private conversation with other classmates during lectures.In contrast to high school, college is very particularised and timid about studying. In college, I was told by one of my instructors that a college student is expected to study for common chord hours a week, per credit. The s ubjects a student will learn and discuss are much more specific since you finally chose a career path you will take in the future. College students are notorious more mature, but also more responsible causing their workload to be more complex and heavier. province encourage changed for the simple fact that the curriculum is much more tedious and complicated due to the diminutive topics that are discussed regarding your chosen career path. A college student whitethorn be given some(prenominal) tasks or homework assignment to do all that the same time for one class. For example, as a college student I have been given several pages to read from a text and a seven hundred word paper as well.Although colleges requires attendances and many of them try to enforce it some teachers do not. While I am attending college, I am now able to see the difference between how there are some teachers who feel it is the students responsibility to come to class or not. If a student chooses to skip t he class, the teacher will rarely say something to the student. However, even if colleges instructors are considered more flexible than any other teachers, students usually get an F for the day in which they are absents. Colleges provide a huge change of freedom and independence to its studentsbecause they believe students should be mature enough to make their own decisions on whether to attend a class or not. In contrast to high school teachers, college instructors are even able to say almost anything they want regardless of whether it offends someone or not such as in the occasion when a college instructor said, We dont need more black people around here during one of his lectures. By the time students get accepted at colleges, most of them already know their educational goals. done my time spent in college I have realized students have the mindset to succeed in college because they want to be able to achieve their goals. People who decide to attend to college are working towards obtaining a higher level degree, and not just to play around on campus, or to waste their time pretending to pay attention. This is a higher level of learning, thus, requiring more time, and effort as well as devotion to studies. High school and college are very important in the educational processes because often one cannot get a good job without a well-developed education. This education frequently comes from having a high school diploma and a college degree. Although high school and college carry some of the same features they also have several differences between them. Some of the ways which high school and college differ include the amount of work given to the students, the teachers attitudes and responsibilities, and the students attitudes and responsibilities as well. High school and college play important parts in the lives of many people although they may be thought as similar, they also differ in several ways.

Middle School Speech Essay Example for Free

Middle School Speech EssayI have been at Englewood School for four long time. I am pleased to say that during these years I have created untested friends and lived many exciting experiences. As a natural student in third grade, my chassismates and teachers made me smelling as if I was among my family. From class time discussions to Christmas plays, we have enjoyed both single day within this community. geezerhood filled with joy, laughter, and even sometimes sorrows have been our foundation to move to our next step. Our teachers have completed their commissioning and successfully prepared us for middle school. Our future experiences pull up stakes be influenced from the exciting and moving moments that we care for from the elementary years. Although we cannot go back to relive the moments we have spent in concert, we will remember them forever. During the upcoming years we will encounter difficult tasks but those will only make us stronger. We have to experience forward to this new beginning. We must(prenominal) work hard, enjoy and above all, we must always stand together and united as we are today.The change we will face is not an easy one. As every other class before us we have been the oldest and the roles models for the little ones. Now, we will enter a new stage in which we will be the youngest and the new kids on the block. As we live new experiences, we must be prepared to win or lose. As long as we make the best of it, we will not regret it when looked back. Today we close a chapter of our school life. Tomorrow we begin writing another. let us make that writing on our new chapter an interesting one. Thank you for being part of this class and lets enjoy our future together.

My Definition of Success Essay Example for Free

My Definition of Success EssaySuccess is non an eventual pinnacle. It is an odyssey that has multiple peaks, and at each peak one must strive to attain his goal and culminate his efforts into something fruitful. Different mint have myriad opinions about success. Some relate it with money, some with power. However, for me success is peace of mind, which is a work up result of self-satisfaction in knowing you made the effort to do your best, to become the best of that you atomic number 18 capable of becoming. It consists in being content with what you do Success is something one assembles from components he discovers in his person and his imagination.It can be achieved by knowing, understanding, believing in oneself, and executing the apposite actions required to achieve it. The trueness is that all of us attain the greatest success and blithe possible in this life whenever we use our native capacities to their greatest extent. Do not aim for success if you want it Just do what you be intimate and believe in, andit will come naturally. Sorrowfully, success has been commercialized with fame and popularity. The common idea that success spoils people by making them vain, egotistic, and self-complacent is erroneous on the contrary it makes them-for the most part- humble, tolerant, and kind. Setbacks also help in achieving success.It is very competently said that discouragement and failure are two of the surest stepping stones to success. Multi-faceted success doesnt lie in not falling, but lies in rising each time you fall. If we become dejected, we will be in low-water mark and will lose the hope to ever rise again. It is imperative that we take our failures in our stride, which will remind us to accomplish our tasks. Having done so, we can set an inspiring example and leave an indelible ingrain on the minds of others to emulate.

Frq Articles of Confederation Essay Example for Free

Frq Articles of Confederation EssayThe Articles of Confederation from 1781 to 1789 did not provide the United States with an effective phase of g all overning because of its problems in terms of domestic policy, foreign policy, and economics. Domestic policy, or the set of decisions that a political sympathies grounds relating to things that directly affect the people in its own country, was not adequate enough to solve fight between states. The Articles stated that state legislatures chose representatives for the house, rather than the people themselves.This began to lean to ward the British practices of virtual representation, which the U. S. fought a war to be rid of. Another problem was that each state only received one vote, which was unjust to the larger states with a greater population. With a super majority required to pass laws, al near no laws were passed because no one was able to agree. The lack of federal courts also made it difficult to solve disputes, much specifically those between states, qualification them all grow more independently rather than as a unified nation.Foreign policy was a mess under the Articles of Confederation. The states were unwilling to give up their discharge and power as they were afraid that is the federal government gained any more power then they would overhaul to a monarchical type system. With no president, there was no figure to enforce laws or make negotiate with other countries, and the governors were only concerned with the welfare of their own state, preventing the states from becoming more unified.Because the federal government lacked any power, it was impossible to solve the problem with the Mississippi river and fishing rights, and there was no one to menses Shays Rebellion. This lack of power caused great fear that the British could easily come and take us over once again. Massive debts had piled up from the Revolution and from starting a new country, so states were looking for a way to pay th em score. They began printing their own currency, only to cause massive inflation and difficulties trading both with other nations, and even from state to state.This inability to trade caused further problems, and they went into a recession. This all resulted from states holding most of the power, rather than their being a balance between state and federal. As the states did not want to lapse their power, they would not give up any land to the federal government even if it were to pay off some of its debts. Congress did not have the ability to tax, causing further economic strain and making it difficult to pay off their many debts.

The title character of The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The title character of The Great Gatsby EssayHow far do you agree with slits view that Gatsby is worth the whole damn bunch put together?The title character of The Great Gatsby is a young man, around thirty years old, who rose from an barren childhood in rural North Dakota to become fabulously wealthy. Indeed, Gatsby has become famous around sensitive York for the elaborate parties held e genuinely weekend at his mansion, ostentatious spectacles to which people long to be invited. And yet, break away Carraways description of the protagonist asserts that Gatsby seems curiously out of place among the whole damn bunch which inhabits this lavish, florid humanness. Indeed, despite the aura of criminality surrounding his occupation, his love and loyalty to Daisy Buchanan and ultimately his capacity to dream, set him away from the other inhabitants of East bombard and West Egg.A key criticism made in knaps premier person, self-aware and retrospective narration is that the wh ole damn bunch entertained by Gatsby lives in extravagance. In Chapter Three, comparative adjectives and adverbs imply that the parties they attend grow ever increasingly lavish the fabricator expresses how laughter is easier, an opera of voices pitches a key higher and groups change more quickly. In fact, the out-and-out(a) scale of the operation required to keep them excited is emphasised by details that Nick go throughs, including a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of two hundred oranges in half an hour if a little button was pressed two hundred times by a butlers thumb.But the vacuous bursts of laughter and the dancing in eternal g scarperless circles lend a compass point of artificiality to the proceedings. Indeed, the tone of the narration reveals another major shortcoming, suggesting that this outward show of wealth by the inhabitants of West Egg and East Egg is used to cover up their inner corruption and moral decay. This decadence is first exemplifie d by the length of the parties held by Gatsby.Although the asseveration does hold some truth as the contrast mingled with Gatsby and tom Buchanan. From chapter one, we begin to understand that the relationship between Tom and Daisy is purely superficial, a relationship that seemed to be based on show and wealth. In this chapter, we learn fromJordan that Tom has been seeing another woman in New York, and Toms attitude toward Daisy does not adopt the most loving manner. Instead of allowing his wife to join in on the conversation or take interest in what she talks of, he is more refer about the extremist book hes been reading and discussing its racist views The idea is if we dont look out the white race will be will be utterly submerged.This greatly contrasts with Gatsby. He is compassionate toward Daisy unlike Tom who treats her just as a possession, and his determination in refusing to give up on her and this dream world he has created for the two of them. Even in chapter seve n when Daisy runs over Myrtle, Gatsby takes the blame himself just to protect her Nick asks, Was Daisy driving? to which Gatsby responds, Yes but of course Ill say I was. By this time Gatsby has already derelict his elaborate parties, which only existed as a way to lure in the one he so yearned for, which counteracts the argument that he was purely covetous and materialistic.He even shouts at Tom in chapter seven, She only married you because I was poor and she was tired of waiting for me, which illustrates how all the effort and his immersion in contraband business was all to build up an Empire big enough and grand enough for Daisy, and similarly demonstrates how money-orientated and trivial Daisy is. In comparison to Daisy, it may well be said he was worth a lot more than her. Towards the end of the book she and Tom both pack up and move on, recoiling affirm into all their money and hiding away from the upset and destruction they had both caused.Another reason Gatsby stands f or something great than the other characters is the fact that he died with love still in his heart and a dream to propose to. He did not die bitter and anguished over the fact he could not put up Daisy, over the fact that his whole life had been created with her at the centre, and all for nothing. Gatsby died only with a taste on his tongue of what life could be like with Daisy, of what it would feel like to have her as his own, but this seemed to sympathize with him enough to know he was dying a happier and better man.He refused to give in until the very end, when Nick suggests that Gatsby ought to go away, Gatsby is almost in shock when he responds, Go away now, old swash? He could not bear to tear himself awayafter how far he had come, how far he had gotten to Daisy being his. And despite his loves own selfishness and shallow ways, he dies still with that green glow of hope in his heart. Gatsby is worth the whole damn bunch put together because he died with love.I agree with this statement completely as despite his involvement in bootlegging and how his life was built around lies, Gatsby stands for something in which the other characters lack. I believe he stands for hope, for love and for dreams. This is shows through his adoration of Daisy and his determination to never give up on her.

Existing Direct Tax System and Proposed Direct Tax Code in India Essay Example for Free

Existing Direct Tax System and Proposed Direct Tax Code in India sampleTax is defined as a compulsory payment made to the government by the individuals firms and companies without whatever haveation of a direct return. In general there are two types of revenue enhancement ashes prevailing in our country. One is direct tax and other is indirect tax. Here we will check our discussion to direct tax only. Direct taxes are those the burden of which cannot be shifted, that is incidence and impact is on the same person. In India the tax law is governed by the finance act. The amendments are brought through budget either year which is issued on the last date of February. There have been various arguments in touch to the complexness of the tax laws. The in the buff tax system which is proposed basically focuses on the principle of equality and simplicity.Instead of having distinct explanations of tax laws under different umbrellas all the laws will be brought under one head. Th e new tax system will be highly focused on the matter that the richer should pay heavier tax and vice-versa. For this regard the exemption limit and tax slabs will be expanded higher. Moreover under new gross laws various taxes like securities transaction tax will also be abolished thus making the enroll an efficient one. With the new tax code being implemented in India one can expect to have free trade across the length and breadth of the country and peace in the bags of investors. Thus, the new tax system is an attempt to create a system with minimum loopholes of the existing system, thus lend to the national benefit.

To His Coy Mistress Essay Example for Free

To His Coy Mistress EssayThe poem is a deductive poem written by a much older person to the little mistress. The 46 line poem can be said to be divided into three different part where the author tries to make a point. The first part, lines 1- 20, introduces the limitation of sentence in for the poet to sing of the mistresses beauty and shyness. This is seen in line 1 where the poet says Had we enough time and an hundred years should go to praiseThine eyes, and on thy eyebrow gaze. Generally, the poem is an argument that follows procession of the poets thought. In the second part of the poem, lines 21-32, poet says that with the poet arguing that time is indeed short and unfavorable to lovers as they can not enjoy their love for long as time is winged And you quaint comply turn to dust, And into ashes all my lust. In the third part, lines 33-46, the poet draws a conclusion that due to the fact that life is short and time unlimited, they should throw away any cope and tear the ir pleasure with rough strife.The tone of the poet utilise a flirty and seductive tone in conveyancing his message to his beloved mistress. The setting of the poem is in medieval times when it was socially unacceptable for ladies to pull out their desire for a man even though they are in love with him. They are to test some coyness at first so feign indifference to the romantic advances of men. He use seductive words like two hundred to adore each breast (line 15), and your quaint honor turns to dust and into ashes all my lust (lines 29 and 30).The poet uses rhyme scheme that follows the aa, bb, cc pattern. He also uses nonliteral expression in the poem. This can be seen in lines 11, 22, 35 and 36. In addition to this, the poet used resource as a tool in the poem. This can be seen in lines 6, 12, 16, 24, 27, 29, 30, 36, 38, 39. He also used simile in lines 34 like morning dew, and lines 38 like amorous birds of prey. He also used allusion in line 11 where he said vegetable lov e.

Text & Cases Problem Essay Example for Free

Text movements Problem Essay16 to 30150,000.000.949,000.0031 to 4575,000.000.8015,000.0046 to 6045,000.000.6515,750.0061 to 7515,000.000.507,500.00Over 7515,000.0015,000.00Total51,750.0015,000.00a. Appropriate balance for AFDA is $ 51,750.00(equals to compensation Amount in the Aging Schedule)b. Presentation of Accounts Receivable in Balance SheetAccounts Receivable735,000.00 little Allowance for equivocal Accounts51,750.00Net, Accounts Receivable683,250.00c. Dollar Effect of Bad Debt ExpenseAFDA, Beginning Balance37,500.00AFDA, write-off(15,000.00)AFDA, Movement29,250.00AFDA, terminus Balance51,750.00Dollar Effect of Bad Debt Expense is $ 29.250.00(equals to movement amount of AFDA)Case 5-1 Question 1Stern CorporationGeneral Journal(in USD)DateAccountDr.Cr.2010 declension31Accounts Receivable9,965,575.00 gross sales9,965,575.0031Cash9,685,420.00Accounts Receivable9,685,420.0031Allowance for Doubtful Accounts26,854.00Accounts Receivable26,854.0031Accounts Receivable4,594.00Allow ance for Doubtful Accounts4,594.0031Cash2,108.00Accounts Receivable2,108.0031Cash1,566.00Accounts Receivable1,566.0031Bad Debt Expense29,886.00Allowance for Doubtful Accounts29,886.00Case 5-1 Question 2(in USD)AccountBeginning Balance, 2010Movement, 2010Ending Balance, 2010Cash671,344.009,689,094.0010,360,438.00Accounts Receivable988,257.00254,221.001,242,478.00Allowance for Doubtful Accounts29,648.007,626.0037,274.00Sales9,965,575.009,965,575.00Bad Debt Expenses29,886.0029,886.00a. Accounts Receivable balance as of Dec 31, 2010 is $ 1,242,478.00 b. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts balance as of Dec 31, 2010 is $ 37,274.00Case 5-1 Question 31 flow RatioCurrent Asset=13,574,107.00=9.4915Current Liabilities1,430,132.00Current AssetCash10,360,438.00Accounts Receivable1,242,478.00Allowance for Doubtful Accounts(37,274.00)U.S treasury Securities274,060.00Inventories1,734,405.00Total Current Asset13,574,107.002Acid Test RatioCurrent fiscal Asset=11,839,702.00=8.2787Current Liabilities1,4 30,132.00Current Monetary AssetCash10,360,438.00Accounts Receivable1,242,478.00Allowance for Doubtful Accounts(37,274.00)U.S Treasury Securities274,060.00Total Current Monetary Asset11,839,702.003Days ReceivableAccounts Receivable=1,242,478.00=45.5071DaysSales / 36527,302.95

Sigmund Freud Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud EssaySigmunds Freud contribution to kind psychology comes in his proposal of the gaykind of the unconcisuos. According to him, this is the part of the hu mankind nature that human do not know about themselves. This was in direct contrary to the concept of positivism. While positivism promotes real knowledge and control upon human character, emotions, actions and reactions, Freuds unconscious tells otherwise. The concept have also helped in margenalizing the concept of freewill, stating that there are several factors that serviceman are not in control. In the human psyche this refers to the unconcious.Nonetheless, since it is William James who was first to tackle the concepts of the unconcious and the subconcious, it would be a mistake to give all the credit to Freud. The important contribution made by Freud in human psychological functioning would be his ways to study and uncover the reality and existence of the unconscious. It is by dint of his methods that the concept of the unconscious becomes more convincing and closer to reality. The methods of studying and interpreting the unconcious paved way to the brass of beliefs and proofs of its actual existence.Freud have also highlighted the concept of repression as something that could have a vast effect on the unconcious, for repress ideas reflects personal wants and desires as well as fears and sufferings. It is through dreams that Freud have been able to illuminate the primary reality of the unconscious. It was then followed by his detailed work on psychosexual development that explains an event in mans life where he experience a desire for his opposite sex kindle and jealousy on the parent of the same sex. This phenomenon was called Oedipus complex or Electra complex.Freud tried to present the development of human nature in accordance to his theory that was based on psychosexual gratification. According to his theory, man as he grows learns to control him self and delay gratificatio n for psychosexual fantasies. The concept of repression enters as a bring by which humans tries to forget their psychosexual wants due to increasing moral pressures and societal standards. Nonetheless, these wants are changed into other form of gratification later in life.Freud was also famous upon the idea of two main drives of the human consciousness which are the death drive and the life drive. Freud believes that as human suffer unpleasure or stimulation that affects the body, the human consciousness grows tired and weary. Upon the decrease in the stimuli there will be an increase in pleasure, this could be noted with the calmness that the consciousness received on times of rest, sleep and when surrounded by a clean and serene environment. With all this concepts in place, Freud concludes that death was a driving force for man and it is in fact the most pleasurable state in which a man could attain.ReferencesBrill, A.A. (1995). The Basic writings of Sigmund Freud. Modern Libra ry.

Teaching and Learning Policy Essay Example for Free

instruct and Learning Policy EssayLearning is a dynamic process which begins at the time of supposition and continues for the rest of our lives. At stages along this doctrine journey we sectionalizationake in black-tieised skill in which we may interact with other human beings who may hold on the role of t separatelyer. This invariably happens inside the confines of a crop. The school being the environment designed to help pass on the knowledge, skills and qualities needed as preparation for adult life. Our school is a section of a partlynership involving pupils, families, the local and wide communities and school staff that give all(a) the hazard to develop for to each one one minors formal learning and to promote everyones spiritual, moral, social and cultural development . In this way our school is arctic in the formation and preparation of opportunities, responsibilities and experiences for life.This policy is for all educational activity staff, Governors, p arnts, sh ares of the community and book knocked out(p)side agencies, including OFSTED, to estimate our drive for high expectations and our strategies for ensuring that didactics and learning are effectual. It sits alongside all other curriculum and guidance policies including the policy for Performance Management. It should excessively be read in conjunction with OFSTED documents and other applicable information including The Code of Conduct for Teachers that provide drive our standards forward.Making a DifferenceMuch hold has been done on how pupils learn and multiple intelligence theories. This policy leases how as practitioners we can motivate all to ensure sound learning.Research suggests that there are many ways to ensure that effective learning takes come in within the different learning environments that a child may encounter within a school. all told staff have the ability to make a difference and all must consider the following There is no one right way to teach, but teachers and TAs enhance their potentiality when teaching is purposeful, efficient, clear, social structured and adaptive. Good teaching takes into account all aspects of legal opinion, prior learning and the individual need of each child. High expectations are paramount Good teaching involves more than exposition and arranging activities the nature of the fundamental interaction is care estimabley designed, with differentiation matched closely to pupils actual abilities and needs. Good teaching is where the pupils are devoted opportunity to comport their ability to take missionary post of their get learning. It is where teachers establish active links to enhance pupils learning styles. The effective learning environment is orderly, stimulating, attractive, safe and supportive. The effective teaching atmosphere encourages learners to value and draw on their own experience Good lessons are carefully planned and involve pupil participation as frequently as possib le. They have pace, good questioning strategies and opportunity for reflection. Learning to learn entails increasing scope for pupils to engage their initiative and to develop a capacity for independent work according to age range. Effective teaching occurs when pupils are given opportunity to apply the knowledge and skills they are taught. Effective learning design allows pupils to add what they have experienced and reflect carefully And effective teaching is complemented by fair discipline, positive reinforcement, and unadorned formative feedback.Every member of staff must consider their professional characteristics and reflect and analyse how each pupils learning can be enhanced in preparation for the future. It is the role of all staff to break down their teaching to ensure outstanding teaching and learning opportunities for each child. observe Of Teaching and LearningMonitoring is a regular feature of our school and has become embedded into the culture and working life of our school life .It enables all to have an accurate picture of performance and developments in learning. It is a positive arrogate in moving the school forward. Monitoring lead occur in a variety of forms - regular monitor of lessons as part of Performance Management. Monitoring of lessons as part of item school initiatives and developments. This leave include in-depth supervise of the core subjects. Half termly classroom monitoring on working environments and pupils learning. Half termly monitoring of preparation and sagaciousness files. Half termly monitoring of pupils books by SMT and set aside co- ordinators. Weekly monitoring of books as part of phase meetings. Weekly light touch monitoring on specific subjects to increase our overall effectiveness and efficiency.Monitoring leave behind positively support teaching staff done - up individual and aggroup performance Expanding skills, knowledge and insight for all Providing a supportive working environment for all Improving communication that results in modify learning opportunities for pupils. Identifying individual, team and school needs. Developing individuals monitoring skills as part of the schools effectiveness and efficiency.Monitoring is about accountability and will give all the opportunity to discuss positively and staff will be given feedback on lesson observation and scrutiny of their planning and pupils work. Written feedback will include a summary of agreed actions to be put in place for the following round of monitoring. Monitoring of lessons, planning, pupils work and associated self go overs will provide the origination for the School Development Plan and the vehicle from which Governors and all other interested agencies can gain on the effectiveness of our school.Induction of New StaffTo ensure that all new staff have a successful induction and immediately enhance the learning of pupils, the school will allocate a member of staff to work alongside the new member. Scho ol procedures and expectations will be discussed and the opportunity to set out the professional needs of themember of staff will be formalised. Appropriate professional development will be instigated and expectations set.Continued Professional DevelopmentEffective CPD is a planned progress. It will be the magisterial and progressive improvement of competencies across the school. It is about the meeting of individual and the school objectives and therefore is intrinsically tie in with the Performance Management policy, the Schools Development Plan, pupil performance and the needs of the individual.CPD will be designed to meet the individuals immediate and future needs, it will give a structure to each psyches career development whilst having an impact on pupils learningHowever, each person must take responsibility for reviewing and fulfilling their own needs and school will hold each accountable for developing their own potential. The individual therefore must continually assess their needs and discuss issues with appropriate senior managers.The SDP for each school academic year is operational for all working or multiform within school. It gives the direction for the school and will indicate how CPD will be organised. Each individuals performance management objectives will reflect the needs of school and the individual.Planning, Preparation and AssessmentPlanning, preparation and sound judgement time is organised so that teachers can work with appropriate colleagues. It gives opportunity for the termly and weekly plans to be scrutinised, assessment of learning analysed and the learning needs of the pupils met. Each phase leader will organise the sessions so that each teacher can maximise the time available. During the sessions the following will occur- A selection of books will be scrutinised to ensure marking, presentation and that progress is consistent and of high quality. Work is analysed and assessment drives the next planning. The needsof groups including DSEN and Gifted and Talented pupils are discussed and appropriate planning is put in place. Differentiation is put in place. Target setting is put in place, monitored and modifyd. IEPs are updated as appropriate and new IEPs written at the relevant times. The needs of staff are discussed and information, as required, passed on to the SMT. Teaching and classroom practise are discussed Relevant plans and information is prepared for TAs The sessions will also discuss resources and ICTAll teaching members of staff are given specific details on the formats for planning and the layout of files. These will be scrutinised at phase meetings and by the SMT and co-ordinators throughout the school year to ensure corporative effectiveness.The different forms of assessment are dealt with in the Assessment Policy. All teaching staff must use the information and apply the knowledge to their teaching. Assessment must be consistently used to drive teaching and learning forward. Within this, target setting must be active with all pupils understanding their targets and how they can achieve them. kick upstairss must also be updated of their childs targets using the schools pro- formas. Targets must be displayed in classrooms and within the pupils books for core subjects. scoring and Feedback to Pupils.The Marking Policy deals with marking issues in detail. Teaching staff must be up to date in marking and marking must give clear indications of how the pupil can move forward appropriate to age . Comments must be positive and opportunity must be given for pupils to act on comments and work on issues that have arisen. Marking will be scrutinised at phase meetings, whole staff meetings, through coordinators monitoring and by the SMT. Pupils will be asked through interviews and in monitoring whether marking and feedback has improved learning.ResourcesRegular audits of resources are to be carried out by coordinators and phase leaders prior to each cease of work is undert aken. Within this remit is the organising of school visits and appropriate visitors to enhance the curriculum and learning opportunities. Pupil Premium, the set aside to provide increased opportunities for pupils and to improve learning and reduce gaps between groups of pupils, will be used in part to fund these enhancements.The Pupils VoiceAs stated, good learning is facilitated when pupils have the opportunity to take charge of their own learning. Pupils have a voice and at all keystages staff must give credenza to pupils and include them in the planning and delivery of lessons. By monitoring of planning and through discussions with pupils, the SMT will come along for this. Prior to specific blocks of work, appropriate to age, pupils will be given time to consider the work onward and give input.To ensure that every child has the opportunity to gain the range of learning skills to prepare them for life, teaching staffs planning must show that within lessons pupils have ownershi p of their learning through teamwork, problem solving, research etc.The Role of GovernorsThe Governing frame of is given at each full governing body meeting and at appropriate sub committee meetings details of monitoring and the review of performance and attainment across the school. As part of its role, the Governing Body will scrutinise our results from monitoring, assessment and internal reviews and ensure that our approaches are consistent and promotes our drive for excellence. Each Governor is linked with a specific area of school and will be in termly contact with co-ordinators to ensure they are fully briefed on teaching and learning. Co-ordinators of core subjects will report to governors termly to again ensure accurate information is passed on. From this the Governing Body will be active in teaching and learning across school.Informing ParentsTo ensure effective learning for our pupils, parents have to be an informed and active partner. Courses are run throughout the year to update parents on our teaching techniques and strategies so that they can support learning at home and help with homework. Termly Parent feedback sessions are held to update parents on their childs attainment and progress. At these sessions parents will be given written information on their childs targets and next steps. They will be given their childs levels for the core subjects and how this compares to national statistics. For DSEN up to date information will be given and discussed. IEPs will be available for parents to sign and remark on.Yearly school reports will be issued in the summer term and will accurately reflect on the childs attainment and attitudes. It will also give targets for the next academic year and how parents can support their child.Informal discussions will also take place throughout the year as required to keep parents informed. The Parent Support Adviser is available to help liaise with parents. The PSA will also arrange parent courses to upgrade the par ents own skills in core subjects, these will have a direct positive effect on pupils learning as seen from past experience.Outside AgenciesWalsall Childrens Services support school through a variety of eventful vehicles. The School Improvement Officer will routinely meet with staff and discuss improvement, initiatives, data and monitoring of teaching. Officers will also oversee teaching and learning and support school with CPD issues. Other outside agencies much(prenominal) as Walsall Business Partnership will be used to support the curriculum and maximise learning opportunities for pupils. The school works with local schools and local communities also to improve learning opportunities and inspire pupils.

Black hawk down

sear hawk downAnalysisIt can be argued that Black Hawk Down is accurate in the sense of numbers and statistics. Yes, two Black Hawk helicopters were pushover down 19 Americans were killed, 84 wounded, and an estimated 2000 Somalis were killed and even to a greater extent wounded.Yes the street fighting was realistic, and yes, they were in Mogadishu that solar day to capture two top lieutenants in Aidids government, and in that respectfore from a military point of view, was a flourishing mission.But the video fails to retell the complexities of why the Americans argon there in the first shopping mall. It is more a appliance of American Hollywood propaganda than an accurate account of the Battle of Mogadishu. In Black Hawk Down the American soldiers be shown in an overly heroic way. No doubt these men were very brave observek to survive with the odds so greatly against them. But the way they atomic number 18 outlineed and glorified is the fast(a) nonsense iness can exp ect from Hollywood. These soldiers ar depicts without faults, and they can do no wrong. They are the nonesuch family men who constantly look after one a nonher. Any facts that may contradict this, standardised their component to the Somali finis toll before the battle (6-10,000 casualties in the summer of 1993 alone, two-thirds women and children) is conveniently left out. Their sole(prenominal) shortcoming is the disastrous way the mission was handled but there is no blame put on them for that in the movie. The Battle of Mogadishu was clearly not a battle of good versus bad as more or less things in life are. But the seeing the way the Somalis are portrayed as evil, fantastic and mindless people, it is clear that the movie would certainly like us to think that this was the case. The American soldiers are schematic as the saviours of the Somalis, and it is these soldiers who are wrong respectabley attacked. By using dramatic camera shots, and clichd Hollywood lines like Nobody asks to be a hero, it save sometimes turns out that way help to drive dental plate the themes of brotherhood and comradeship. By graphically showing the wounds and casualties of the American soldiers, the movie evokes philanthropy and removes the blame for the catastrophe from the soldiers. They are portrayed as heroic and patriotic, but this personation is misleading.The film begins with scenes of starving Somalis on the brink of death or already dead the screen is tinted blue to heighten the feeling of sadness. They all live in dilapidated huts, and the whole situation seems desperate children taking care of their dying parents. A sort annals of American involvement is displayed on the screen Years of warfare among rival clans causes famine on a biblical scale Behind a force of 20,000 U.S. Marines, food is delivered and order is restored. no mention of the USs noncurrent involvement in selling girds to the dictators, or helping to stir up clan violence. The heari ng only k straights what they are being told the US troops are the good true cats saving the day, not at all having eachthing to do with causing these atrocities. And after the audience is affluent of sorrow for the Somalis, a bright view of US military vehicle bringing food and supplies to Somalia. We are relieved that the Somalis are receiving the help they need, and we are subconsciously relieved that the blue tint is gone. So from the beginning of the movie we are made to see that the US military is the saviour and we as the audience are therefore indebted to them. We also now have sympathy for the soldiers it is this sympathy that dominates the rest of the film.Because the storyline of Black Hawk Down is just one big battle scene there are no subplots to entertain a wider audience, the themes of comradeship are over emphasized (mostly in a clichd way) to understand it more appealing. The tagline of the film is leave no man behind this is repeated about four times in t he film, to the point where we can announce when it is coming. Similarly, we are flooded with messages of dedication and solidarity. Lines like I think I was trained to make a difference and Its what you do right now that makes the difference. These kinds of lines are without a doubt used to emphasize the value and comradeship between the soldiers, it rather detracts the human interaction of these characters by reducing them to clichd statements of emotion or motivation. The line make a difference is both overused and ambiguous what do the soldiers hope to make a difference in? This constant repetition of such dialogue is a demonstration of the filmmakers wish to portray the American soldiers as good and moral men. Also this simpli city and predictability of these lines could be intended for us to make an easy definition between good and evil, and hero and villain.The American soldiers all have their specific identities, and their portrayal is made extremely personal compared to that of the Somalis. We have the bad boy the underdog and the rookie to name a few, and just to make sure we know who is who, the soldiers have their names written on their helmets (which was not done in reality). We see that these soldiers are people like us they watch television, play chess and do things any one of us would do. Most of all they are devoted family men. One soldier, after being sever I half, in his last words says Tell my girls Ill be okay. And another one on his deathbed Tell my parents that I fought well today, that I fought hard even in death he is want his familys approval. This use of the soldiers having families makes our experience of these characters a much more personal one. The Americans only shoot militia, not one innocent man, women or child is shot. However, we all know that this cannot be the case as in most urban conflicts civilians are almost the highest casualties. Soldiers from that day have been quoted as saying we fired on crowds and at long last at anyone and anything they saw.With these family members in mind, the horrific and graphic way in which the American casualties are displayed only reinforces our sympathy for the plight that the soldiers are in most of the gore and blood in the movie belongs to Americans, not Somalis a sever thumb attached only by a thread, a white detached arm that is picked up off the ground, a stomach pierced by a missile, a soldier severed in half, are all examples of American casualties. Thus the Americans are portrayed as the good guys, go the Somalis as the bad guys who inflict these casualties. With the good guy established, it seems natural have the opposite the bad guy. Enter the Somalis. Dressed all in black with shadowed sinister faces, accompanied by good-for-naught techno music they are the epitome of evil. We are unable to differentiate between one Somali and the next, and there are no names given to them. Their actions seem to be motivated by nada more than the thirst f or the blood of white men, Americans in particular. Even before the fighting starts, in the market place scenes, the camera does not focus on one Somali. They have no personalities, and their everyday lives are trivialized. The Somalis are therefore on the periphery of a movie set in Somalia. Even the extras do not resemble Somalis, but rather any black people.Another point is that the militia become very(a) from the citizens of Mogadishu. Even though the military officials in the movie say that those holding weapons are part of the militia. in that respect is another scene when a general saysThe whole city is gonna come down on them.At this point the distinction between citizenry and the militia is lost we know believe that the entire city is engaged in the conflict, which we therefore assume are all sided with Aidid. But there were reports that many of the Somalis were not part of Aidids militia but rather people who thought their homes were under attack and were therefore def end their homes.The Somalis are depicted as a pack of rabid animals snarling at fallen soldiers, shooting at a corpse and fast moving hands grabbing at the fallen helicopter all use up an unexplained sense of hostility. Somalis appear like packs of animals with the use of aerial camera angles showing swarming bodies. There is nothing of Somali culture in the movie, and they are not given a voice. The Americans affectionately refer to the Somalis as skinnies. We are told that thousands of Somalis were killed, but every time a Somali is shot, it is clean, and he (or she) conveniently falls by from the camera. There is no blood or gore like the American injuries. There are no innocent women or children killed, and in this way Black Hawk Down does not let us see the full scope of the devastation of the thousands of Somali deaths. This only allows for the interpretation of the Somalis as the bad guys. The US government had been involved in the making of Black Hawk Down since it first started being written, and the creators had the full co-operation and approval of the military because of the pro-American bias of the movie. The producer Jerry Bruckheimer has been quoted as saying to the Army vice old-timer of staff General, Im going to make a movie that you and your Army will be proud of. The creators were allowed full use of military equipment and training, as well as dozens of actual soldiers for extras. But, the military, to ensure precision, monitored the filming daily. peculiar(prenominal) task teams were set up to provide the moviemakers with specific military advice. Helicopters and Humvees were also loaned to them.It seems appropriate that a film endorsed by the US military, will have the views of the US military. And not surprisingly has had an overwhelmingly positive resolution from the military Former Vice President Dick Cheney and Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and were among those pleased at the screening of the movie, and Army Secretary Thomas White gave the film a thumbs up

Eutrophication Process Steps

Eutrophication Process StepsEutrophication is world-wide environmental bother environmental problems that be related to superior submersion alimentarys. It is the sue ascribable to increment of algae productivity which affects adversely aquatic life and withal man and fauna wellness. It is mainly influenced by human lovable beivities that include agriculture and sewer outgoing due to creating luxuriously amount of nutritives.The mechanism of eutrophication is briefly described in Figure 1. Large amount of nutrient input to the urine form is the main effect and high level of phyto meankton biomass results that lead to algal bloom. phthisis of oxygen close the bed of the urine body is the result. The other set up of the process set up be divided 2 categories that ar related tonutrient dispersion,phytoplankton growthNitrogen and match argon two main nutrients for aquatic life. In addition, A silica is also necessary for the diatoms. Nutrient concentration in the wet body changes during eutrophication. The nutrient is the limiting cipher, if it is not be available for algae develop.The sufficient factor to determine limiting factor is the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus compounds in the wet body is an valuable factor for insure mechanism. (Table 1). Phosphorus is gener completelyy limiting factor for phytoplankton in fresh wet. For grownup leatherneck aras frequently beat nitrogen as the limiting nutrient, especiall(a)y in summertime. Intermediate beas such(prenominal) as river plumes ar often phosphorus-limited during spring, yet may turn to silica or nitrogen limitation in summer.The enrichment of piss by nutrients stooge be of natural origin but it is often dramatically increased by human activities. This lapses al just about e veryplace in the world. at that place are three main fountains of anthropic nutrient input runoff, erosion and leaching from fertilized agricultural areas, and sewage from cities and industrial waste pissing. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (from beast breeding and combustion gases) can also be classic. According to the European Environment durationncy, the main source of nitrogen pollutants is run-off from agricultural land, whereas most phosphorus pollution comes from households and industry, including phosphorus- based detergents. The rapid increase in industrial production and in in-house consumption during the 20th century has resulted in groovyer volumes of nutrient-rich waste body of pissing. Although there has been recently a better caution of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural practices, saturation of collys with phosphorus can be noted in nigh areas where spreading of excessive manure from animal husbandry occurs. Nutrient removal in sewage discussion plants and promotion of phosphorus- indigent detergents are vital to minimize the impact of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution on Europes weewee bodies7.Since 1980, process concentrations in maj or EUrivers have globally remained constant. on that dit is no secern that reduced application of nitrogen fertilizersto agricultural land has resulted in lower nitrateconcentrations in rivers. Indeed, concentrations insome regions in Europe, such as Brittany, or Poitou inFrance, and Catalunya in Spain, are suave increasing.More detailed information on nitrates are to be foundin the come with pamphlet in this series nitrate andwellness and in the E.C. report mentioned in (6).waste pissing word and less phosphorus in householddetergents. Phosphorus kick from industryhas also fallen sharply (Figure 3) whereas phosphorusfrom agriculture, despite a reduction in the consumptionof phosphate fertilizers in the EU, remains animportant source of phosphorus pollution.Unfortunately, due to the main role of nitrogen in theeutrophication process in summer in the coastal zone,the reduction in the empty of phosphorus fromrivers into the sea has not been visible, except in veryspecific sit es. In most cases the phosphorus releasedby the sediments into the open sea is sufficient to de plane section eutrophication to occur, although external inputs have sharply decreased. In fact, only if the Dutch coasthas hited from the improvement of the weewee ofthe Rhine, everywhere else the situation is stable orhas worsened.Some activities can lead to an increase in adverseeutrophication and, although they are very specific,they should be notedAquaculture development Expansion of aquaculturecontributes to eutrophication by the discharge ofunuse animal provender and excreta of tip into the peeingThe transportation of exotic species Mainly via theballasts of big ships, cyanogenetic algae, cyanobacteria and villainy weeds can be carried from endemic areasto uncontaminated ones. In these new environmentsthey may find a favourable habitat for their diffusionand overgrowth, stimulated by nutrients availabilityReservoirs in arid lands The construction of rotundreservoirs to stor e and manage pissing system has beentaking place all over the world. These dams are builtin order to allow the collection of drainage watersthrough huge hydrographic basins. Erosion leads tothe enrichment of the waters of these reservoirs bynutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogenFactors supporting the developmentof eutrophicationBesides nutrient inputs, the send-off condition supportingeutrophication development is purely physical it isthe containment (time of renewal) of the water. Thecontainment of water can be physical, such as in alake or even in a slow river that works as a batch(upstream waters do not mix with downstreamwaters), or it can be dynamic.The imagination of dynamic containment is mostly relevantfor marine areas. Geological features such as the process of the bottom of the sea, the shape of theshores, physical conditions such as streams, or largeturbulent areas, and tidal movements, allow somelarge marine areas to be really contained, exhibitingvery little wate r renewal. This is sack out as dynamiccontainment. In other cases, due to tidal effects, and/or streams,some areas that would seem to be prone to containmentsee their waters regularly renewed and are notcontained at all and are thus very incredible tobecome eutrophic.Other physical factors influence eutrophication ofwater bodies. Thermal stratification of stagnant waterbodies (such as lakes and reservoirs), temperatureand light influence the development of aquatic algae.Increased light and temperature conditions duringspring and summer explain why eutrophication is aphenomenon that occurs mainly during these seasons.Eutrophication itself affects the penetration oflight through the water body because of the shadoweffect coming from the development of algae andother living organisms and this reduces photosynthesis in deep water layers, and aquatic grass andweeds bottom development.Main consequencesof eutrophicationThe major consequence of eutrophication concernsthe availability of oxygen. Plants, through photosynthesis,produce oxygen in daylight. On the contrary, indarkness all animals and plants, as well as aerobicmicroorganisms and decomposing dead organisms,respire and prove oxygen. These two competitiveprocesses are dependent on the development of thebiomass. In the case of severe biomass accumulation,the process of oxidation of the organic matter that hasformed into sediment at the bottom of the water body lead consume all the available oxygen. Even the oxygencontained in sulphates (SO42-) get out be employ bysome specific bacteria. This will lead to the release ofsulphur (S2-) that will immediately capture the free oxygenstill present in the upper layers. Thus, the waterbody will loose all its oxygen and all life will disappear.This is when the very specific smell of rotten eggs, originatingmainly from sulphur, will appear.In parallel with these changes in oxygen concentrationother changes in the water environment occurChanges in algal population D uring eutrophication, macroalgae, phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates,chlorophytes) and cyanobacteria, whichdepend upon nutrients, light, temperature and watermovement, will experience excessive growth. Froma familiar health point of view, the fact that some ofthese organisms can release toxins into the water orbe deadly themselves is important.Changes in zooplankton, fish and shellfish population Where eutrophication occurs, this part of the ecosystem is the first to demonstrate changes. Being most radiosensitive to oxygen availability, these species may die from oxygen limitation or from changes in the chemical composition of the water such as the excessive alkalinity that occurs during intense photosynthesis.Ammonia deadlyity in fish for example is such(prenominal) higher(prenominal) in alkaline waters.Effects of eutrophicationThe effects of eutrophication on the environment may, have deleterious consequences for the health of exposed animal and human populations, throu gh variant pathways. Specific health risks appear when fresh water, extracted from eutrophic areas, is used for the production of drunkenness water. Severe impacts can also occur during animal watering in eutrophic waters.Macroalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria bloomsAlgae display varying degrees of complexity depending on the organization of their cells. Macroalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria may colonize marine, briny or fresh waters wherever conditions of light, temperature and nutrients are favourable. Cyanobacteria have been largely studied in fresh water systems, due to their ability to proliferate, toform massive surface scums, and to produce toxins that have been implicate in animal or human poisoning.Some species of algae may also contain toxins, but incidents where fresh water algae are at the originof cases of human or animal malady have very seldom been reported.Coloured toxic tides caused by algal overgrowth have been known to exist for many an(prenominal) centuries. In fact the Bible (Exodus, 7 20-24) states all the water of the Nile river became red as blood and fish which were in the river died. And the river was poisoned and the Egyptians could not drink its waters.Algal blooms were observed in 1638 by fishermen in north western of Iceland. Fjords were reported to be stained blood red and during the night produced a kind of phosphorescence. The fishermen thought that the color could be due to the blood of fighting whales or to some marine insects or plants (Olafsson and Palmsson, 1772). The first scientific report of domestic animals dying from poisoning as a consequence of alcohol addiction water that was touch on by a blue/green algaebloom was in 1878 in lake Alexandrina, Australia.In coastal and estuarine systems, however, whereconditions are less favourable to the proliferation ofcyanobacteria, which need oligo-elements such as iron, toxic algae such as dinoflagellates have been observed and have been at the origin of hea lthtroubles. There is growing evidence that nutrients,especially nitrogen, favour the duration and frequencyof such toxic blooms, and concentrations of toxin inthe cells.wellness effects tie in to toxins of cyanobacteria infresh watersSome cyanobacteria have the efficiency to producetoxins life-threatening to human beings. Toxins can befound either free in the water where the bloom occursor bound to the algal or cyanophyte cell. When thecells are young (during the growth phase), 70 to 90%of the toxins are cell bound, whereas when the cells Cyanobacteria have been largely studied in freshwater systems, due to their ability to proliferate, toform massive surface scums, and to produce toxinsthat have been implicated in animal or human poisoning.Some species of algae may also contain toxins,but incidents where fresh water algae are at the originof cases of human or animal illness have very seldombeen reported.Coloured toxic tides caused by algal overgrowth have been known to exist fo r many centuries. In fact theBible (Exodus, 7 20-24) states all the water of theNile river became red as blood and fish which were inthe river died. And the river was poisoned and theEgyptians could not drink its waters.Algal blooms were observed in 1638 by fishermen innorth west of Iceland. Fjords were reported to be stainedblood red and during the night produced a kind ofphosphorescence. The fishermen thought that thecolours could be due to the blood of fighting whales orto some marine insects or plants (Olafsson and Palmsson,1772). The first scientific report of domestic animalsdying from poisoning as a consequence of drinkingwater that was affected by a blue/green algaebloom was in 1878 in lake Alexandrina, Australia.In coastal and estuarine systems, however, whereconditions are less favourable to the proliferation ofcyanobacteria, which need oligo-elements such asiron, toxic algae such as dinoflagellates have beenobserved and have been at the origin of healthtroubles. There is growing evidence that nutrients,especially nitrogen, favour the duration and frequencyof such toxic blooms, and concentrations of toxin inthe cells.Health effects linked to toxins of cyanobacteria infresh watersSome cyanobacteria have the capacity to producetoxins dangerous to human beings. Toxins can befound either free in the water where the bloom occursor bound to the algal or cyanobacterial cell. When thecells are young (during the growth phase), 70 to 90%of the toxins are cell bound, whereas when the cells fresh waters. People may be exposed to toxinsthrough the consumption of contaminated drinkingwater, direct contact with fresh water or the inhalationof aerosols. Toxins induce damage in animals and world by acting at the molecular level and consequentlyaffecting cells, tissues and organs (Table 3).The nervous, digestive, respiratory and cutaneoussystems may be affected. Secondary effects can beobserved in numerous organs. Age or physiologicalconditions of the affected indiv idual may determine theseverity of the symptoms. A variety of symptoms,depending on the toxins implicated, are observedsuch as fatigue, headache, diarrhoea, vomiting, sorethroat, fever and skin irritations. Cyanotoxins can be class into three groups Hepatotoxins.These are the most frequently observed cyanotoxins.Experiments apply mice indicate that they cause liver dent and can lead to death from liver haemorrhageand cardiac failure within a a couple of(prenominal) hours of exposure atacute doses. Chronic exposure induces liver injuryand promotes the growth of tumours.Questions remain concerning the effects of repeatedexposures to low levels of toxins. Animal experimentshave shown liver injury from repeated oral exposure tomicrocystins, the most frequently observed cyanotoxins.It is thought that the high prevalence13 of livercancer observed in some areas of mainland China could be dueto the presence of microcystins in water supplies. Neurotoxins.These are generally less common an d act on the nervoussystem. In mice and aquatic birds, they causerapid death by respiratory arrest, sometimes occurringin a hardly a(prenominal) minutes. Dermatotoxins.These induce irritant and allergenic responses in tissuesby simple contact.The orbicular toxicity of a cyanobacterial proliferation isnot constant in time or space, making it problematical toassess the health threat although some acute poisoningshave led to death (Tables 3 and 4).The release of cyanotoxins in water has been at theorigin of several outbreaks affecting animal or humanhealth (Case studies p. f12). About 75% of cyanobacterialblooms are accompanied by toxin production.The presence of cyanobacterial toxins after potabilizationtreatment represents a health threat for patientsundergoing renal dialysis treatment.Monitoring of eutrophicationMonitoring is useful if it is performed for a aspire. The main reasons for supervise a water body foreutrophication are To prevent the occurence of eutrophication Early warning purposes. Public health government activityneed to know when eutrophication is likely to start inorder to allow them to implement preventive actions To know the level of development of the process, and have a precise picture of the fibre of the water.This is mostly relevant for water companies, whichhave to deal with eutrophic waters Research.The reality is that observe systems are often multipurpose.Monitoring and managementof cyanobacterial growth in fresh watersfor public health purposesChorus and Bartram (1999) have proposed the followingmonitoring and management scheme to watertreatment plant operators and managers as an alertlevel framework. It provides a graduated response tothe onset and progress of a cyanobacteria bloom.This tool initially comes from Australia. Three responselevels are defined Vigilance Level is defined by the detection of one colony, or five filaments, of a cyanobacterium in a 1 mlwater sample. When the Vigilance Level is exceeded,it is recomm ended that the affected water body issampled more frequently at least once a week, sothat potentially rapid changes in cyanobacteria biomasscan be monitored. spirited Level 1 is initiated when 2,000 cyanobacterialcells per ml or 0.2 mm3/l biovolume23 or 1 g/l chlorophyll- a24 are detected. Alert Level 1 condition overtops an estimation to be made of the total toxinconcentration in the raw water. A consultation shouldbe held with the health authorities for on-goingassessment of the status of the bloom and of the suitabilityof treated water for human consumption. Monitoringshould be conducted at least once per week. It may also be appropriate at this time to issue advisory notices to the public through the media or other means. Government departments or interested authorities or those with legal responsibilities should also be contacted, as should organizations that treat or care for members of the public with special needs. Alert Level 2 is initiated when 100,000 cells per ml or 1 0-mm3/l biovolume or 50 g/l chlorophyll-a are detected, with the presence of toxins confirmed by chemical or bioassay techniques. This density of cells corresponds to an established, toxic bloom with high biomass and possibly also localized scums. In this situation there is a need for effective water treatment systems and an assessment of the performance of the system. Hydro-physical measures to reduce cyanobacteria growth may still be attempted. If cost-efficient water treatments are not available (see technical annex), a contingency water supply plan should be activated. In extreme situations, safe drinking water should be supplied to consumers in tanks and bottles. Media releases and contact with consumers should be underinterpreted via mail of leaflets informing that water may present danger for human consumption but is still suitable for the purposes of washing, laundry and toilet flushing.National water step monitoring programsFew national water quality monitoring programmes include parameters which indicate eutrophication or a risk of algal or cyanobacterial overgrowth. In Europe, North America, Japan and Australia, local monitoring plans which check the occurrence of toxic species in areas where shellfish or fish are consumed, are implemented. This is based on sampling at strategic points and epitome of phytoplankton and/or shellfish. The frequency of sampling generally depends on the sea- son. Table 6 summarizes the monitoring systems in some EU Member States. They only allow the monitoring of toxic blooms, which are only a part of the eutrophication consequences.Technologies such as satellite imaging can be used to monitor large water bodies. The same technique can be applied to monitor the extent of high chlorophyll-a concentrations reflecting the phytoplankton biomass of the upper layers of the eutrophic area. likely parameters used for monitoring purposesAccording to the definition of eutrophication, it is clear that formulae such as an increas e of x grams of bottom macrophytes per square meter or y micrograms chlorophyll-a per litre are not suitable to define a threshold, which, when exceeded, will describe eutrophication.Such unique parameter does not exist. Moreover, in order to define the order of eutrophication, two measurements are required That of the system in its reference conditions, and in its current or predicted succeeding(a) condition. As baseline data for a site is the exception rather than the rule, this makes it difficult to test eutrophication using a case-by-caseapproach. Nevertheless, as the first signs of adverse eutrophication is a decrease in the oxygen concentration in the lower layers of the water body of stagnant waters, and an increase in pH due to photosynthesis (CO2 depletion), these parameters, in concert with direct microscopic observations, are likely to be the only ones that can help forecast the likeliness of the start of such a process as long as a model consolidation physical condit ions, nutrient inputs and biological effects has not been locally validated. Prevention25,26The causes that drive eutrophication are multiple and the mechanisms convolute are complex. Several elements should be considered in order to assess the possible actions aimed at counteracting nutrient enrichment of water supplies. The use of computerised models now allows a better understanding of the role of each factor, and forecasting the efficiency of various curative and preventive measures. The best way to avoid eutrophication is to try to disrupt those mechanisms that are under human instruction this clearly means to reduce the input of nutrients into the water basins. Such a control alas does not have a linear effect on the eutrophication intensity. Integrated management should comprise appellation of all nutrient sources. Such information can be acquired by studies of the catchment area of the water supply. fellowship of industrial activities, discharge practices and localizati on of function, as well as agricultural practices (fertilizer contribution/plant use and localization of crops) is necessary in order to plan and implement actions aiming at limiting the nutrient enrichment of water.The identification of sewage discharge points, agricultural practices, the nature of the soil, the vegetation, and the interaction between the soil and the water can be of great help in knowing which areas should be targeted. Knowledge of the hydrodynamics of the water body, particularly the way nutrients are transported, and of the vulnerability of the aquifer, will allow determination of the ways by which the water is enriched with nutrients.Anthropogenic nutrient point sources such as nontreated industrial and domestic wastewater discharge can be minimized by systematic use of wastewater treatments. In sensitive aeras, industries and local authorities should control the level of nutrients in the treated wastewater by the use of specific denitrification or phosphorus r emoval treatments.Diffuse anthropogenic nutrient sources can be controlled by soil conservation techniques and fertilizer restrictions.Knowledge of the agronomic oddment (ratio of fertilizer contribution to plant use) is very relevant to optimize the fertilization practice and to limit the passing of nutrients. Diffuse nutrient losses will be reduced by implementation at make level of good practices suchas Fertilization balance, for nitrogen and phosphorus, e.g. adequation of nutrients supply to the needs of the crop with fair expected yields, taking into account soil and atmospheric N supply. Regular soil nutrients analysis, fertilization plans and registers at plot level. Sufficient manure storage capacities, for spreading of manure at appropriate periods. Green conduct of soils during winter, use of catchcrops in crop rotations. Unfertilized grass buffer strips (or broad hedges) along watercourses and ditches. Promotion of long-lived grassland, rather than temporary forage cr ops. Prevention of erosion of sloping soils. Precise irrigation management (e.g. drip irrigation, fertilisation, soil moisture control).In coastal areas, improvement in the dispersion of nutrients, either through the multiplication of discharge points or through the changing of their localization, can help to avoid localized high levels of nutrients.Reuse and recycling, in aquaculture and agriculture, of waters rich in nutrients can be optimized in order to avoid discharge into the water body and direct consumption of the nutrients by the local flora and fauna.Water resources are environmental assets and therefore have a price. There are market-based methods to estimate costs and benefits, and these make it possible to use cost- benefit analysis as a useful tool to assess the economic effects of abatement of eutrophication or other pollution problems. Benefits range from higher quality drinking water and reduced health risks (Photo 29) to better recreational uses (Photo 30). The eff ects on human health from the lack of sanitation and the chronic effects of toxic algal blooms are two of the many indirect effects resulting from eutrophication. Numerous cost-benefit analyses of pollution abatement have clearly demonstrated that the total costs to society of no pollution reduction is much higher than at least a reasonable pollution reduction. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the prevention of pollution and renovation of water quality in lakes and reservoirs from an economic standpoint. The result of such examinations should be applied to assess effluent charges and green taxes. International experience shows that these economic instruments are reasonably effective in improving water quality and solving related water pollution problems. Thus, effective planning and management of lakes and reservoirs depends not only on a sound understanding of these water-bodies as ecological systems but also of their value to plenty as recreational areas and water resourc es.In the past, several management strategies were developed and applied to solve problems of fall surface and groundwater quality. These were often a response to acute critical situations resulting in increased costs of water. The petition for good quality fresh water was only solved partially and locally this was because too few resources were allocated too late to solve the problems. Early prevention is by far the cheapest method to avoid subsequently pollution.Eutrophication ManagementRecognizing that the specific needs of policy-makers and administrators are usually contrasting from those of the strictly technical audience, the primary purpose of this digest is to provide quantitative tools for assessing the state of eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs to provide a framework for developing cost-effective eutrophication management strategies to provide a basis upon which strategies can be tailored for each specific case jibe to the physical, social, institutional, regula tory and economic characteristics of the local area or region and to provide specific technical focus and case studies regarding the effective managementof eutrophication. The approach presented in this document (Figure 1) also is sufficiently general that it can be applied, with relative little modification, to the assessment of other environmental problems and to the development of effective management strategies for such problems.An approach for achieving the basic objectives stated above consists of the following components, applied approximately in the order presented recognise eutrophication problem and establish management goals assess the extent of information available about the lake/reservoir invest available options for management of eutrophication probe all costs and expected benefits of alternative management/control options analyze adequacy of existing institutional and regulatory framework for implementing alternative management strategies select desired control s trategy and distribute summary to interested parties prior to implementation and provide periodic progress reports on control programme to public and other interested parties.designation of bad (unacceptable) versus good (acceptable) water quality in this digest is based on the specific intended use or uses of the water resource.That is, water quality management goals for a lake or reservoir should be a function of the major purpose(s) for which the water is to be used.Obviously, there are water quality conditions to be avoided because of their interference with water uses. Ideally, for example, a lake or reservoir used as a drinking water supply should have water quality as close to an oligotrophy state as possible, since this would insure that only a minimum amount of pre-treatment would be necessary to yield a water suitable for human consumption. For such a waterbody, the content of phytoplankton (and their metabolous products) in the water should be as low as possible to facili tate this goal. Further, if the water is taken from the bottom waters of a lake during the summer (usually the period of maximum algal growth), it should be free of interferring substances resulting from decomposition of dead algal cells. Eutrophic lakes and reservoirs also could be used as a drinking water supply. However, elongated pre-treatment would be necessary before the water was suitable for human consumption.Some water uses may require no treatment at all, regardless of the existing water quality. Examples are fire-fighting purposes and the transport of commercial goods by ship. Further, in areas with extremely limited water resources, virtually all of the water may be used for various purposes (with or without treatment), regardless of its quality. Therefore, although humans can use water exhibiting a range of water quality, there is a desirable or best water quality for virtually any character of water usage. Though it is not quantitative in nature, a summary of inten ded water uses and the optimum versus minimally-acceptable trophic state for such uses is provided in Table 3. In addition, an example of the values of several ordinarily measured water quality parameters corresponding to different trophic conditions, based on the international eutrophication study of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1982), is provided in Table 4. Thus, it is possible to identify acceptable or optimal water quality for given water uses.Given these factors, a prudent approach in circumstance eutrophication management goals is to determine the minimum water quality and trophic conditions acceptable for the primary use or uses of the lake or reservoir (Table 1), and attempt to manage the water body so that these conditions are achieved. In a given situation, if the primary use or uses of a waterbody is hindered by existing water quality, or else requires water quality or trophic conditions not being met in the waterbody, this signals the nee d for remedial or control programmes to achieve the necessary in-lake conditions.21 the problem?The governmental roleIt is recognized that a range of different forms of government, as well as economic conditions, exist around the world. Consequently it is difficult to provide general guidelines regarding the role of the government in environmental protection efforts that will cover all possible situations. However, virtually all nations also contain some type of civil service infrastructure which, if properly used, can be an effective instrument with which to address governmental concerns. Even so, as noted earlier, not all